Overall supply and demand of cobalt for batteries by sector, 2016-2022 

Sources

IEA analysis based on Mineral Commodity Summary 2022 by USGS (2022) (https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2022), cobalt global supply-demand balance (January 2023) from S&P Global (2023) and World Metal Statistics Yearbook by WBMS (2022).

Notes

Supply covers refinery output and not mining output. Metals cover the alloying applications.