This International Energy Agency (IEA) publication has been prepared by the Gas, Coal and Power Markets Division (GCP), headed by Dennis Hesseling. Keisuke Sadamori, Director of Energy Markets and Security, provided with essential guidance and Carlos Fernández Alvarez has led and co-ordinated the analysis.

Julian Keutz and Carlos Fernández Alvarez are the authors. Other IEA colleagues provided important contributions, including Marc Casanovas, Eren Çam, Martin Kueppers, Shrey Mehta, Gergely Molnár, Frederick Ritter and Brent Wanner.

Timely and comprehensive data from the IEA Energy Data Centre were fundamental to the report. Sergio Cáceres, Nicola Draghi and Taylor Morrison provided invaluable support during the process.

This report is possible due to the support of the IEA Communication and Digital Office (CDO). Particular thanks go to Liv Gaunt, who edited the report, Poeli Bojorquez, Gaëlle Bruneau, Astrid Dumond, Julia Horowitz, Lucile Wall, and Jethro Mullen.

Our gratitude goes to the Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI) for sharing its breadth of coal expertise and modelling.

For questions and comments, please contact Carlos Fernández Alvarez (Carlos.Fernandez@iea.org).

API                Argus/McCloskey’s Coal Price Index

ARA                Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Antwerp

ASEAN           Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CFR                cost and freight

CIF                 cost, insurance and freight

CV                  calorific value

EIA                 Energy Information Administration (United States)

EU                  European Union

FOB                free on board

GDP               gross domestic product

IEA                 International Energy Agency

met                 metallurgical

OECD            Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

US                  United States

USD               United States dollar

y-o-y               year-on-year

bt                   billion tonnes

GW                 gigawatt

kcal                 kilocalorie

kg                   kilogramme

km                  kilometre

kt                    kilotonnes

Mt                   million tonnes

Mtpa               million tonnes per annum

MW                 megawatt

t                      tonne

TWh               terawatt hours