Bitcoin energy use estimates

Sources

"Other peer-reviewed studies" includes Krause & Tolaymat (2018), Stoll et al. (2019); "Other studies" includes Rauchs et al. (2019), De Vries (2018a), BNEF (2018), Morgan Stanley (2018), Deetman (2017), Hileman & Rauchs (2017), Vranken (2017)

Notes

Published estimates are plotted on the date of submission or publication, whichever is earlier.