Energy RD&D budgets by technology in selected IEA countries and the European Union, 2017-2018

Notes

European Union refers to the European Union budget under Horizon 2020, and not to the sum of national budgets of European Union member countries. Data for the United States have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat. Data for 2018 include for the first time the additional spending of the Ministry of Environment (MoE) of Japan (0.4 USD billion), which is not covered for previous years. This has effects on the apparent 2017-2018 Other IEA growth of 0.8 USD billion.